During the Civil War, from 1861-1865, the Union and Confederate forces battled for navigational control of the Lower Mississippi River. After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States took controlled the Lower Mississippi River. Since 1717 European nations have fought over strategic navigational control of the Mississippi River. For much of their history, the lands adjacent to the Lower Mississippi River were bottomlands that flooded with the seasons unconstrained by human river training structures. Mississippi River and Ohio River pathway shifts have shaped and re-shaped the landscapes through which they flow and where their sediment-laden tributary waters co-mingle at the confluence on the voyage to the Gulf of Mexico. The Lower Mississippi River flows from the confluence of the Ohio River and Mississippi River at Cairo, Illinois into the Gulf of Mexico.
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